Kuva mu gihe cya Neolithique, abantu bafite inyandiko zo gukoresha amakara, akaba ari imwe mu nkomoko y'ingufu zigamije iterambere ry'umuryango w'abantu.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
Bitewe nigiciro cyubukungu, ububiko bwinshi nagaciro gakomeye, ibihugu kwisi yose biha agaciro gakomeye umutungo wamakara.Amerika, Ubushinwa, Uburusiya na Ositaraliya byose ni ibihugu bicukura amakara.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
Hariho icumi mu birombe binini binini ku isi.Reka turebe.
No. 10
Saraji / Ositaraliya
Ikirombe cya Saraji giherereye mu kibaya cya Bowen kiri hagati ya Queensland, Ositaraliya.Biteganijwe ko iki kirombe gifite umutungo w’amakara angana na toni miliyoni 502, muri zo hakaba haragaragaye toni miliyoni 442 na toni miliyoni 60 zaciwe (Kamena 2019).Ikirombe cyafunguwe gifitwe kandi gikoreshwa na BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA) kikaba cyatangiye gukorwa kuva mu 1974. Ikirombe cya Saraji cyatanze toni miliyoni 10.1 muri 2018 na toni miliyoni 9.7 muri 2019.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
No. 09
Inzuzi za Goonyella / Ositaraliya
Ikirombe cya Goonyella Riverside Mine giherereye mu kibaya cya Bowen kiri hagati ya Queensland, Ositaraliya.Biteganijwe ko iki kirombe gifite umutungo w’amakara angana na toni miliyoni 549, muri zo hakaba haragaragaye toni miliyoni 530 na toni miliyoni 19 zaciwe (Kamena 2019).Ikirombe gifunguye gifite kandi gikoreshwa na BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA).Ikirombe cya Goonyella cyatangiye kubyazwa umusaruro mu 1971 gihuza ikirombe cy’abaturanyi cya Riverside mu 1989. Goonyella Riverside yatanze toni miliyoni 15.8 muri 2018 na toni miliyoni 17.1 muri 2019. BMA yashyize mu bikorwa ubwikorezi bwikora kuri Goonyella Riverside muri 2019.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
No. 08
Mt Arthur / Ositaraliya
Ikirombe cya Mt Arthur giherereye mu karere ka Hunter Valley muri New South Wales, Ositaraliya.Biteganijwe ko iki kirombe gifite umutungo w’amakara angana na toni miliyoni 591, muri yo hakaba haragaragaye toni miliyoni 292 na toni miliyoni 299 zaciwe (Kamena 2019).Iki kirombe gifitwe kandi gikoreshwa na BHP Billiton kandi kigizwe ahanini n’ibirombe bibiri byafunguwe, amabuye y’amajyaruguru n’amajyepfo.Mt Arthur yacukuye amakara arenga 20.Ibikorwa byo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro byatangiye mu 1968 kandi bitanga toni zisaga miliyoni 18 ku mwaka.Ikirombe gifite ubuzima bugereranijwe bwimyaka 35.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
No. 07
Impanuka Yamanutse / Australiya
Ikirombe cya Peak Downs giherereye mu kibaya cya Bowen kiri hagati ya Queensland, Ositaraliya.Bigereranijwe ko ikirombe gifite umutungo wa toni miliyoni 718 (Kamena 2019).Peak Downs ifitwe kandi ikoreshwa na BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA).Iki kirombe ni ikirombe gifunguye cyatangiye kubyazwa umusaruro mu 1972 kandi gitanga toni zisaga miliyoni 11.8 muri 2019. Amakara ava muri icyo kirombe yoherejwe na gari ya moshi yerekeza muri Cape Coal Terminal hafi ya Mackay.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
No. 06
Inkuba Yirabura / Amerika
Ikirombe cya Black Thunder Mine ni hegitari 35.700 zicukura amakara y’amakara aherereye mu kibaya cya Powder River cya Wyoming.Ikirombe gifite kandi gikoreshwa na Arch Coal.Biteganijwe ko ikirombe gifite umutungo wa toni miliyoni 816.5 (Ukuboza 2018).Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bugizwe n'ahantu karindwi hacukurwa amabuye n'ibikoresho bitatu byo gupakira.Umusaruro wari toni miliyoni 71.1 muri 2018 na toni miliyoni 70.5 muri 2017. Amakara mbisi yakozwe atwarwa mu buryo butaziguye kuri Burlington y'Amajyaruguru ya Santa Fe na gari ya moshi y’ubumwe bwa Pasifika.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
No. 05
Moatize / Mozambike
Ikirombe cya Moatize giherereye mu ntara ya Tete ya Mozambike.Ikirombe gifite umutungo wa toni miliyoni 985.7 (Kuva mu Kuboza 2018) Moatize ikorwa na sosiyete icukura amabuye y'agaciro yo muri Berezile Vale, ifite inyungu za 80.75%.Mitsui (14,25%) na Mozambike Mining (5%) bafite inyungu zisigaye.Moatize ni umushinga wa mbere wa Vale muri Afurika.Icyemezo cyo kubaka no gukoresha iki kirombe cyatanzwe mu 2006. Ikirombe cyafunguwe cyatangiye gukora muri Kanama 2011 kandi gitanga umusaruro wa toni miliyoni 11.5.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
No. 04
Raspadskaya / Uburusiya
Raspadskaya, iherereye mu karere ka Kemerovo muri Federasiyo y’Uburusiya, ni ikirombe kinini cy’Uburusiya.Bigereranijwe ko ikirombe gifite umutungo wa toni miliyari 1.34 (Ukuboza 2018).Ikirombe cya Raspadskaya kigizwe n'ibirombe bibiri byo mu kuzimu, Raspadskaya na MuK-96, hamwe n'ikirombe gifunguye cyitwa Razrez Raspadsky.Ikirombe gifite kandi gikoreshwa na Sosiyete ya Raspadskaya.Ubucukuzi bwa Raspadskaya bwatangiye mu mpera za za 70.Umusaruro wose wari toni miliyoni 12.7 muri 2018 na toni miliyoni 11.4 muri 2017.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
No. 03
Heidaigou / Ubushinwa
Ikirombe cya Heidaigou ni ikirombe gifunguye giherereye hagati y’amakara ya Zhungeer mu Bushinwa bw’imbere mu gihugu cya Mongoliya.Ikirombe ngo gifite toni miliyari 1.5 z'umutungo w'amakara.Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro buherereye mu birometero 150 mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bw'Umujyi wa Ordos, hateganijwe ubuso bwa kilometero kare 42.36.Itsinda rya Shenhua rifite kandi rikoresha ikirombe.Kuva mu 1999. Heidaigou itanga umusaruro muke wa sulferi nkeya na fosifore nkeya kuva mu 1999. Iki kirombe gifite umusaruro wa toni 29m buri mwaka kandi kikagera kuri toni zirenga 31m.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
No. 02
Hal Usu / Ubushinwa
Ikirombe cya Haerwusu giherereye mu gice cyo hagati cy’amakara ya Zhungeer mu mujyi wa Ordos, mu karere k’Ubushinwa bwigenga mu Bushinwa.Ikirombe cya Haerwusu n’ingenzi mu iyubakwa ry’amabuye manini y’amakara mu gihe cya “Gahunda y’imyaka 11” mu Bushinwa, ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni miliyoni 20 / ku mwaka.Nyuma yo kwagura no guhindura ubushobozi, ubu umusaruro ugera kuri toni miliyoni 35 / kumwaka.Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bungana na kilometero kare 61.43, hamwe n'amakara yagaragaye ko afite toni miliyari 1.7 (2020), afite kandi akoreshwa na Shenhua Group.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi
No. 01
Amajyaruguru ya Antelope Rochelle / Amerika
Ikirombe kinini cy'amakara ku isi ni ikirombe cya Antelope y'Amajyaruguru Rochelle mu kibaya cya Powder River cya Wyoming.Ikirombe giteganijwe kuba kirimo toni zirenga miliyari 1.7 z'umutungo w'amakara (Ukuboza 2018).Ifite kandi ikoreshwa na Peabody Energy, ni ikirombe gifunguye kigizwe n'ibyobo bitatu.Ikirombe cya Antelope Rochelle y'Amajyaruguru cyatanze toni miliyoni 98.4 muri 2018 na toni miliyoni 101.5 muri 2017. Iki kirombe gifatwa nk'amakara meza kurusha ayandi muri Amerika.
Ibirombe 10 byambere byamakara kwisi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-27-2021
